1.
Comparative Efficacy Of Casoni Skin Test, Indirect Haemagglutination And Double Diffusion Tests For The Detection Of Hydatidosis In Goats
by Azam Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan | Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Basraa | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0149,T] (1).
2.
The Incidence And Pathology Of Neoplasms Of Buffaloes In Sargodha District
by Khalid Bashir | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and forty tissue specimens (suspected neoplasms) were obtained from buffaloes in District Sargodha. These specimens were examined macro and microscopically. It was found that 37 neoplasms were benign and 63 neoplasms were malignant. The benign connective tissue tumours accounted for fibroma (12), melanoma (5). Benign epithelial tumour included papillorna (20). The malignant connective tissue tumour was sarcoma lympho(20) and the malignant epithelial tumour included ocular squamous cell carcinoma (35), horn cancer (6) and Adeno-carcinoma (2).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0361,T] (1).
3.
Effect Of Vitamin E Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Fauzia Kaukab Bashir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was carried out to investigate whether different dietary levels of vitamin E (recommended, deficient and excess) had any detrimental or beneificial effect on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haemalotogical values, humoral response to NDV-vacci nation, eel I ular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens.
The study indicated that vitamin E supplementation 300 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gain of birds, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin E deficiency adversely affects the body weight gain; weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio, serum antibody development NDV vaccination; Phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index.
No significant effect of vitamin E supplementation/deficiecy was noted on haematological values.
From the results of this study it is concluded that vitamin E is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended leavels or even in excess. Vitamin E deficient level in diet lowersthe immunocompetance of broiler chicken, whereas vitamin E excess level in diet improved immune responses and body weight gain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0388,T] (1).
4.
Study Of Pathogenesis Caused By Vitamin "E" Deficiency And Excess (Histopathology Of Brain, Livers, Spleen, Myocardium And Skeletal Muscles) In Broiler Chickens
by Robina Nasim | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the effects of deficiency and excess of vitamin E on growth, hematology and liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles of the broiler chicken. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks were divided. into three groups A, B and C containing 60 chicks in each group. Group A was maintained on a feed deficient in vitamin E. Group B was maintained on a feed containing excess of vitamin E at the rate of 300 il/kg. Group C was kept as control. All the said groups were maintained on said feed for 28 days. The weights of the birds from each group were taken every week. All the groups were kept under close observations to record signs and symptoms upto the end of 4 weeks of age. 20 birds from each group were slaughtered for hematology (PCV, Hb concentration, TEC and TLC) and histopathological studies (liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles). The weight of the organs (liver, spleen, heart and brain) were taken and recorded after slaughtering. There was a significant decrease in weight in group A and a significant increase in weight in group B as compared to control group C.
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment the birds of group. A showed loss of condition, leg weakness and slight paralysis of legs and birds of group B showed hock deformities.
The main necropsy findings were small hemorrhages throughout the body muscles more prominent on breast and thigh muscles and small pinpoint haemorrhages in brain and anemia throughout the muscles in group A. Haematological alterations were studied in all the groups i.e. A, B and C. There was no significant difference in total erythrocytic count among all the groujs. There was significant difference in packed cell volume haemoglobin concentrations and total leukocytic count. The total leukOcytic count showed significant increase in group A as compared to control group C. The main histopathological lesions of liver and spleen were necrosis and leukocytic infiltration in group A. No change was noted ub kuver abd sokeeb if group B. The brain showed necrosis, calcium deposits and haemorrhages and in myocardium there were necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and haemorrhages while in skeletal muscels necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and hyaline degeneration after 28 days of age in group A No. lesions were observed in group B and C (control)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0446,T] (1).
5.
The Pathology Of Experimental Vitamin A Exess And Deficiency In Broiler Chickens
by Sami Itrat, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study was conducted on broiler chickens for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of three different dietary levels of vitamin A on different body organs (oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters) by studying their weight and pathological lesions. The haematological parameters (TEC, Hb estimation and PCV) were also observed.
The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on weight of organs such as oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters. Whereas vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body organs in terms of weight and morphology. No effect of different levels of vitamin A on haematological values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0447,T] (1).
6.
Comparative Study Of Different Techniques For Diagnosis Of Lymphoid Leucosis In Commercial Layer Chickens
by Azhar Nazir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study and compare the results of ELISA, impression smears of visceral organs, haematological (TLC and DLC) and histopathological examination for diagnosis of lymphoid leucosis in commercial layers. For this purpose a total of 90 birds were selected from different commercial layer farms, having the history of lymphoid leucosis, age ranged from 5 to 9 months and having enlarged liver and bursa of Fabricious on palpation.
After the selection of birds, their blood was obtained and serum was seprated avoiding the lysis of RBCs. The serum thus obtained was used to detect the lymphoid leucosis antigen with the help of proflock kit of ELISA by KPL USA. Ninety serum samples were put into the ELISA plate well coated with an anti-P27 antibody. The anti-P27 antibody formed a antibody antigen complex. After washing the plate, an affinity purified rabbit anti-P27 peroxidase conjugate was added to each well. The antibody antigen complex remaining from the previous step reacted with the conjugate, brief incubation period was provided and then unreacted conjugate was washed through second wash step. Substrate which contained a chromogen ABTS), was added to each well. Chrornogen colour was changed (from clear to green-blue), which occurred in the presence of peroxidase enzyme. The relative intensity of colour developed in 15 minutes (Compared to control) which is directly proportional to the quantity of P27 antigen in the sample. Now the substrate was incubated, stop solution was added to each well to terminate the reaction. The plate was read using an automatic ELISA reader, which also calculated the SP (sample to positive) values for each sample tested.
The birds having titres of 1000 or above were found positive.
Twenty birds out of total 90 were found positive by ELISA.
These ELISA positive birds were purchased from each farm and the same number of healthy birds from the same flock were subjected to organ body weight ratio and haematological examination (TLC, DLC) and histopathology of positive cases.
The total leukocytic count of the ELISA positive birds showed increase in the leukocytic count when compared with the healthy birds of the same flock. The mean values for ELISA +ve birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 44.93±0.40, 45.90±0.41, 45.90±0.41 and 45.04±0.63, respectively with mean TLC values of 27.32±0.23, 27.38±0.35, 27.38±0.35,27.24±0.29 of healthy birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, where the differential leukocytic count showed mild increase in lymphocytes and basophilis and a marked increase in monocyte. The mean value for lymphocytes of the ELISA +ve flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 57.35±0.14, 57.30±0.15,57.30±0.15 and 57.76±0.44 respectively compared with the healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 56.0±0.20, 56.0±0.29, 56.20±0.29 and 57.44±0.3. The mean basophilic value for ELISA +ve flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.61±0.60, 1.56±0.24, 1.56±0.24 and 1.48±0.37 respectively, compared with the mean value of healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 1.57±0.68, 1.48±0.68, 1.48±0.59 and 1.60±0.37, respectively.
The mean monocyte value for ELISA +ve flock were 14.50±0.13,14.50±0.10, 14.50±0.10 And 14.56±0.44 for flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, mean value of the healthy birds were 9.19±0.57, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44 For flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
The organ body weight ratio showed a highly significant
increase in the organ body weight indices of affected liver, kidney, spleen, ovary and bursa of Fabricious.
The gross lesions mainly were great enlargement of the liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, with grayish white, or creamy white foci. In some organ the nodular tumor growth has also seen.
Histopathological studies of the affected birds revealed the infiltration of the lymphoblasts and other blood cells in the affected organ. Areas of necrosis at some places in affected organ were observed. The tumors cells showed the aggrigates of lymphoblast. The impression smears made from the fresh specimen of liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, stained with Giemsa stain, confirmed the lymphoid leucosis due to the presence of lymphoblast.
Out of 20 positive cases, liver was affected in all the cases, spleen in 18 cases, ovary in 15 cases, kidney in 11 and bursa of Fabricious in 14 cases.
It was concluded that ELISA can be used as a most reliable and effective method of diagnosis in live birds, whereas in dead birds, disease can be confirmed by the presence of lymphoblasts in impression smears of liver and spleen. Blood changes can be use as aid in early diagnosis, whereas histopathology is a time consuming procedure.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0514,T] (1).
7.
Studies On The Incidence And Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Desi Laying Hens In And Around Lahore
by Shahbaz ul Haq | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in Desi laying hens. This study also represented an endeavour to establish relationship between salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome-76 infections and diverse types of reproductive abnormalities. A total of 300 Desi laying hens were randomly selected from the various poultry sale centres of Lahore and villages around Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically the incidence of salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome 76 was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test, rapid slide agglutination test and haemagglutination inhibition test, respectively.
In this study 32 (10.67%) birds exhibited five pathological conditions i.e. oophoritis, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, cystic oviduct and adenoma. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above five conditions. Out of 300 serum samples, 113 (37.66%) were positive for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum infection, 209 (69.66%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and 41 (13.66%) samples were positive for EDS-76 infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0517,T] (1).
8.
A Study On The Effect Of Doxin On The Immune System And Its Toxicity In Broiler Chickens
by Afzal, M | Dr. Shakil akhtar Khan | Dr. Khlid Muneer | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of Doxin on the 1.txuxuine system and if any, its toxicity (in normal and excessive doses) in broiler chickens. A total number of' 150 day old broJer chicks were randomly divided into six equal groups, A through F, each containing 25 birds. Group A arid B were kept as control i.e. A was non-medicated (Doxin) and vaccinated against ND while B was non-medicated (Doxin) and non vaccinated against ND. Groups C and E were medicated I)oxin at different levels (0.5gm/I and 4 gm/I) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively. Both groups were vaccinated against ND. Groups D and F were medicated Doxin at different levels (0.5gm/i and 4 gm/i) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively, both groups were non vaccinated against ND. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys, determination ol immune response against Newcastle disease, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase, aspaitate amino transferase, uric acid and urea levels were conducted.
The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for liver showed significant difference between the medicated and nonmedicated (control) groups. The highest. liver body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius are quite irregular. The data obtained by the the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the mean levels of serum total protein and albumin of control and medicated groups were not significantly different from each other. The mean levels of Globulin, A/G ratio of vaccinated and non- vaccinated groups carry statistical significant difference. There was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and asparate amino transferase (AST) levels of all medicated and non-medicated groups. The mean levels of urea and uric acid were increased in the medicated groups, highest in the high dose medication. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on 0, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all medicated groups decreased that of control groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0532,T] (1).
9.
Detection Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infectionin Butchers And Buffaloes By Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Latex Agglutination Test
by Rana Sajjad Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic zoonotic infection is usually aymptomatic in immunocompetent persons although it may be present as lymphadenopathy, febrility, etc. but it is a life threatening opportunistic infection in congenitally infected patients and in immunocompromised individuals (those with AIDS, malignancy, organ transplantation, etc). Human beings become infected with T. gondii usually by ingesting oocysts in food and water contaminated with cat feces or by consuming tissue cysts in undercooked meat.
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is mainly based on serological tests latex agglutination test (LAT). Detection of specific DNA seems to be of clinical value in the ingestion of patients infected with toxoplasmosis.
In this study, latex agglutination test was used for the detection of the antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based on the amplification of repetitive B1 gene of T. gondii. The study was based on a total of 200 samples involving 50 butchers, 50 buffalo's sera and whole blood respectively.
LAT established an overall infection of T. gondii in butchers and buffaloes as 20 % and 22 % respectively. The PCR analysis confirmed this T. gondii prevalence in butchers and buffaloes.
LAT proved to be an efficacious method for routine serological screening for antibodies to T. gondii. The costly and sophisticated PCR results in our investigation showed good correlation with the serological data of these patients showing that LAT can be used as an alternation to PCR. The results demonstrated that PCR analysis of clinical samples of patients suspective for acute toxoplasmosis including those with an acquired infection presented by lymphadenopathy can be a promising diagnostic method that enables direct detection of parasitic DNA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0861,T] (1).
10.
Studies Of Postmortem Changes In Layer Birds Which Die At Various Stages In Life At Poultry Farms Around Lahore.
by Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Irfan | Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1980Dissertation note: A total of 50,0C birds from 8 poultry farms around Lahore were included in these studies. The ages of these birds varied from I to 9 weeks and 4.1 to 50 weeks.
Nine different diseases were prevalent at these farms which were confirid from flock histories, clinical symptoms, postmortem findings, laboratory investigations and histopatholagical studies which were carried on 542 birds out of 4,100 birds which died. The incidence of these diseases was as follow:
Newcastle disease 17.5 percent, coccidiosis 7.26 percent, colibacillosis 5.31. percent, prolapse cf the oviduct 5.10 percent, spirochaetosis 4.48 pcrcent, cannibalism 3.62 percent, heat stroke 1.35 percent, rztritional deficiency 0.48 percent and lyznphoid leukosis 0.16 percent.
The characteristic postmortem chanes and correlation of age vdth the diseases are discussed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1141,T] (1).
11.
Diagnosis Of Dengue Virus Serotypes In Effected Patients By Elisa In Lahore Pakistan
by Muhammad Khurram Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an acute febrile disease caused by any of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV I , DENV 2, DENV 3 and DENV 4), belonging to flaviviruses. It is a public health problem of growing importance in areas where the insect vector, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are present. A total of I 50 clinically suspected dengue patients were recruited, mean age of the patients was 31 .86+1 .66. The maximum age of the patients was 81 years and minimum age of the patient was 5 years. Out of I 50 patients 24.0% (n=36) were tested negative for any of the four serotype of the Dengue virus. The analysis showed that 45.3% (n=68) patients had DENV2 serotype, 16.7% (n=25) had DENV 3 serotype and 14.0% (n=21) patients were diagnosed to have DENV 4 serotype; none of the 150 patients was reported to have DENV I serotype. The most prevalent serotype was Dengue virus serotype 2 and Dengue virus serotype 4 was observed as lowest, while Dengue virus serotype I was having zero prevalence. Out of 150 patients 58.7% (n=88) were male while 41.3% (n=62) were females. Among the male population 31 were affected by Dengue virus serotype 2, 18 males were Dengue virus serotype 3, and Dengue virus serotype 4 was observed in 18 males while 21 males were reported negative for any of the serotype. In contrast among female population Dengue virus serotype 2 was present in 37 females, Dengue virus serotype 3 was observed in 7 and Dengue virus serotype 4 was fixed in 3 females only; while 15 females were negative for any of the serotype of Dengue virus. The data showed that p-value (p< 0.005) depict the association between gender and serotypes of Dengue fever. Our Research point out the prevalence of three out of four serotypes among the Pakistani population, which is a shocked fact as per pathogenesis theory that second infection by a different serotype may prove fatal for previously recovered person. Therefore a strict mosquito control programme is direly needed to prevent these incoming events to occur, the only hope and solution is in our environment. Moreover masses education regarding dengue fever might prove helpful in preventing zoonoses.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1163,T] (1).
12.
Clinicopathological Changes Induced By Heat Stress, Their Resolution By Minerals And Vitamin C Supplementation In Quails
by Khurshid Anwar | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to overcome heat stress in Japanese quails through potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and vitamin C solution in calculated amount in water on thermo tolerance, histopathology and hematology of quails exposed to heat stress: This experimental trial was carried out at Avian Research and Training Centre (ARTC), UVAS Lahore and tests were performed at Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore. There were three replicates in each treatment group and each replicate was of twenty quails, each group was comprised of 60 birds. The body weight of each the bird was. recorded on weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on the 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30 and 31 days of treatment from each group to evaluate the serum potassium and bicarbonate level in the blood. For hematological parameters the blood samples were collected on 22, 28 and 31 day of treatment and the vital organs for histopathology were collected after slaughtering 3 birds from each group. The hematological parameters were studied and the data was analyzed by two ways ANOVA. Group A quails revealed significantly higher weight gain than those of group B, but no significant difference was observed, when all groups were compared. Significantly less weight gain was revealed by the quails of group B, when compared to all other groups. Comparison between groups A, C, D, E, F and G was non significant. The highest FCR was exhibited by the birds of group A while the group B showed the poorest FCR. Better FCR was exhibited by group C, D, E, F and G. Serum samples were obtained from each group, for bicarbonate and potassium determination by spectrophotometric method. Group A, C, E, F and G exhibited a significantly higher serum potassium level than those of groups B and D. A significantly higher bicarbonate level was revealed in the serum of group A, D, E, F and G as compared to group B and C, on day 23 and onwards. But no significant difference was observed in serum of groups A, D, E, F and G. Blood hematology revealed no significant difference in red blood cells of groups A, C, D, E, F and G. Group B exhibited a significant lower values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, basophils, monocytes and showed a significant increase H/L ratio and eosinophils when compared to all other groups. Histopathological studied showed infiltration of heterophils, hyperemia, congestion of liver, heart and adrenal gland. It is concluded that, quails of group B (kept in high environmental temperature) revealed a decreased weight gain, poorest FCR, decreased serum potassium and bicarbonate level, decrease in hematocrit, monocytes and basophils and increased in eosinophils and H/L ratio. Supplementation of electrolytes and vitamin C (125 mg/L KC1, 75 mg/L NaHCO3 and vitamin C 62.5 mg/L) in water effect on heat stressed quails exhibited the better results in term of weight gain, serum electrolytes, blood profile and histology than those quails kept in heat stressed condition with no supplementation. From the present results it is concluded that 125 mg/L of KCI, 75 mg/L of NaHCO3 and 62.5 mg/L of vitamin C solution in water, alone or in combination may be used in quails to combat the effect of high ambient temperature and heat stress.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1226,T] (1).
13.
Immuo-Pathological Response Of Pigeons To Challenge Infection Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Ndv)
by Yasir Amin | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study trial was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two locally available live Newcastle disease vaccines (Medivac ND LaSota and VRI, Mukteshwar ND vaccine), also to compare two routes (Oral and Ocular) of vaccine administration in term of antibody titre and assessment of protection against field (chicken) isolated virulent Newcastle virus challenge (NDV) in pigeons. Study of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesion in different organ of non-vaccinated and challenged birds was also the part of our present study. For this purpose one hundred and twenty pigeons were purchased from the local market and screened for Newcastle disease antibodies using Hemagglutination inhibition test. Healthy pigeons were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, comprising 20 birds each. Group E and F were kept as positive and negative Control respectively. Group A and C were vaccinated with Medivac ND LaSota vaccine at day 7th and 21st of experiment through oral and ocular route. Similarly Group B and D were immunized with VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine through oral and ocular route respectively. At 28th day of experiment all the groups except group F were challenged with velogenic field isolate of NDV at a dose rate of 0.1 ml through ocular route. Serum samples were collected at day 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of experiment for the determination of antibody titre. Post-infection clinical signs in control positive group were i.e. anorexia, dullness, depression, decreased feed intake, discharge from mouth, greenish diarrhea, nervous manifestations, leg and wing paralysis. Gross lesions on different organs were hemorrhages in trachea, proventriculus, spleenomegaly and greenish intestinal contents. Medivac ND LaSota vaccine produced higher immune response in term of antibody titre as compared to VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine. It was also observed that ocular route irrespective to vaccine type produced significantly (P<0.05) higher immune response than oral route. Vaccine strains used in this study efficiently induced immune response through ocular route, suggesting that implementation of this vaccination programs in future may prevent ND outbreaks in pigeons, especially in racing pigeons, and may prevent NDV spread to other avian species, mainly poultry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1228,T] (1).
14.
Haematologial And Immunological Effects Of Naturally Occurring Probiotic (Yogurt) And Garlic Supplementation On Broiler Chicks Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease
by Muhammad Ishaq | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project was undertaken to study the various hematological. immunological and gross/histopathological parameters in ND vaccinated chicks with different supplementation of yogurt and garlic. For this purpose one hundred twenty-six day old broiler chicks were divided into three experimental groups A, B and C. each having 42 chicks per group. The group B and C \\ere Further subdivided into 3 groups yl, y2, y3 and gi, g2. g3 respectively comprising of 14 chicks per group having different supplementation of yogurt and garlic respectively, while group A was kept as a control and fed basal diet having no supplementation. Our result showed that yogurt augmented serological response and help in increasing HI antibody titer in which 200 gm yogurt showed immense potential in increasing HI titer until last day of experiment. All levels of Garlic group augmented serological response in term of antibody titer hut remain statistically insigni flcant in increasing HI titer.The heterophil population and I I/L ratio was also improved in both yogurt and garlic groups however 40 grn garlic fed group showed a better response in increasing hctcrophil population. TLC remains insignificant both at treatment and levels throughout the experiment. Body weight gain and FCR was also improved with yogurt and garlic supplementation however 200 gm yogurt showed a curvilinear response over the range of yogurt bd levels. Yogurt and garlic supplementation also showed improvement in the development of immune organ such as spleen, thymus and liver, their I listological examination revealed that an increase in supplementation of yogurt and garlic have no lethal effect upon morphological structure of these organs. In conclusion, yogurt as a probiotic and garlic as a growth promoter agent displayed a greater efficacy in increasing HI titer, heterophils population and improving productive performqnce of broilers in which 200 gm yougurt/kg diet group and 40gm garlic/kg diet showed an immense potential in improving above traits, so their use in broiler diet should be considered instead of using costly commercial probiotics and antibiotics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1229,T] (1).
15.
Detection Of Mycoplasma Synoviae By Pcr And Its Histopatholohical Studies In Poutry Breeder In District Abbottabad
by Sajjad Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur- Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry, an important sub-sector of livestock, has emerged a cheaper source of protein for human consumption. Mycoplasmas are the smallest known bacteria, 300-800 nm in diameter and are capable of replicating outside the cell. Mycoplasma synoviae is a member of the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales, family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is considered economically to be most important pathogen. Mycoplasma synoviae infections occur in poultry worldwide, affecting poultry and causes diseases like respiratory distress, synovitis and arthritis. Mycoplasma is transmitted from infected to healthy birds both by horizontal and vertical routes. Horizontally disease is transmitted via infected and healthy carrier birds, hatchery, housing, equipments, feeding and during transportation.
To have an insight on pathogenesis and reliable diagnostic techniques, the present project was designed to know comparative sensitivity of rapid agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction for MS diagnosis and to study the gross lesion and histopathological changes in chicken joints produced by MS.
The birds showing clinical signs that included respiratory i.e. tracheal rales, conjunctivitis, coughing, sneezing, ocular and nasal discharge and infectious synovitis were selected for sample collection. Initially the collected sera samples were examined by Rapid Serum Agglutination test. RSA and PCR tests were used in order to confirm the pathogenic agent. RSA and PCR positive samples were further processed for histopathological study in order to identify the lesions in tissues produced by causative organism. In field visits it was observed that the suspected birds were with pale comb, mild to severe lameness, dull, depressed, ruffled feather, conjunctivitis, oculo-nasal discharge, tracheal rales and greenish or sulfur faeces. Birds hock joints, toe joints and paws pad were swelled. The infected birds were occasionally found with generalized infection. The infected birds complicated with other diseases of poultry such as Newcastle and infectious bronchitis causes infection airsacculitis.
Rapid serum agglutination test was conducted at 14 broiler breeder farms. The birds at a farm were showing respiratory and infectious synovitis signs and symptoms, suspected to Mycoplasma synoviae. The tests were performed at the spot. A total of 239 sera samples were examined out of which 63 (26.35%) sera samples were positive for MS. The clinical samples were identified and confirmed as Mycoplasma synoviae infection by PCR. The amplified PCR product was given about 211 bp size while PCR buffer was used as negative control. A total of 213 samples were subjected to PCR and 65 (30.52%) revealed PCR positive results for tracheal swabs, 28.16% (20 samples out 71) showed positive results. For tracheal and lung 33.38 % (24 out of 71) and 29.57% (21 out of 71 samples) were positive, respectively. The PCR test successfully amplified the DNA of MS clinical positive samples. Sixty five out of 213 Mycoplasma synoviae isolates were positive in MS specific PCR while the other 148 samples were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular method Polymerase chain reaction was 100 percent.
For histopathological studies the samples of different organs including trachea, lungs, liver, hock joints (articular cartilage, piece of synovial membrane) and foot pad were further processed. The trachea was examined. There was epithelial degeneration, desquamation. congestion, haemorrhages and inflammatory cell infiltration. The lungs were examined and it was revealed that there was marked congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and mononuclear cells infiltration. Liver showed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Articular cartilage showing chondrocytes degenration. Synovial membrane was thickened due to infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cell. Foot pad showed hyperkaratosis and thickning of epidermis, acanthosis, degeneration of cartilage, infiltration of both mononuclear and plasma cell.
It is concluded from findings of present study that PCR is more appropriate technique than RSA for timely diagnosis of Mycoplasma synoviae. However combination of findings of both techniques may be utilized for accurate detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from broiler breeder in district Abbottabad.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1316,T] (1).
16.
Surveillance Of Tuberculosis In Buffaloes, Cattle And Derectton Of Mycobacterium Bovis And Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Food of Animal Origin
by Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Younus | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The main objectives of this study were: to survey the prevalence of TB infection in livestock and their products in Pakistan; to standardize PCR based techniques for the detection of TB in buffaloes, cattle and animal products (milk and meat) as presently no such system has been developed for the detection of TB in animals and their products in Pakistan; to evaluate improved tests for the differentiation of Mycobacterium complex isolates in cattle, buffaloes and animal food products and to compare modern and conventional methods for rapid diagnosis of the Mycobacterial spp. The study was performed in different experiments to have surveillance of tuberculosis in Buffaloes and Cattle; and to detect the presence of different Mycobacteria in animal food products. One thousand animals from different areas of Lahore District were screened with the tuberculin test. The milk and blood of tuberculin tested animals were further studied for the presence of Mycobacterial spp. by conventional methods as well as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In other experiments one hundred market milk samples and ten thousand five hundred tissue samples from twenty-one hundred carcasses at Lahore slaughter house were screened with conventional microbiological tests and multiplex PCR for differentiation of Mycobacterium species. The results indicated that PCR had more sensitivity and required less time to detect and differentiate different Mycobacterial species as compared to conventional methods. It was also noted that M. bovis were found in milk and blood of milking animals as well as tissue sample collected from Lahore slaughter house. On the basis of findings, regular monitoring of the milking animals, animals to be slaughtered, and workers handling these animals is suggested. It is also recommended to review the current slaughter act to prevent the slaughtering of TB affected animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1321,T] (1).
17.
Pathology Of Experimental Enterotoxemia In Sheep And Goats
by Azam Ali Nasir | Prof. Dr. M. Yonus Rana | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muti-ur Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: During the present study intestinal scrapings were collected from sheep suspected for enterotoxaemia. Samples were subjected for the isolation by repeated culturing in Reinforced Clostridium medium. Growth on blood agar revealed characteristic colonies of Clostridium perfringens after 18-24 hours. Biochemical and mice inoculation tests were performed. Isolated organism was identified by indirect ELISA. The pure growth was subcultured in RCM in bulk quantity and calculated the dose for experimental infection.
In the second part of the study, sheep and goats were procured, dewormed and kept in the experimental house of UVAS, Lahore. The experimental infection comprised of the whole culture of C. perfringens type D was inoculated intraduodenally via para-mid line between animals of group A and B while in animals of group C and D inoculated only starch solution to achieve the objectives. Accumulative clinical score in sheep was found to be 9 to 16, 13 to 22 and 15 to 23 at 10, 20 and 30 hours PI respectively while in goats the accumulative scores varied from 5 to 15, 9 to 16 and 14 to 21 at above mentioned time intervals. The highest mean score for clinical findings in sheep was anorexia, frothing followed by dehydration while in goats, the highest mean score was recorded for diarrhea dehydration, and anorexia. No significant clinical findings were noted in control groups.
There was a significant increase in blood glucose, urea and serum creatinine in infected group of sheep and mean values reached up to 141 mg/dl, 92 mg/dl and 7.5 mg/dl respectively at 30 hours PI while in goats a similar pattern was observed with the mean values raised to 142 mg/dl, 111 mg/dl and 10.2 mg/dl for blood glucose, urea and serum creatinine respectively. There was no significant change found in RBC and platelet count of both species but there was an early increase in the mean WBC count of sheep 19.7x103/µl at 10 hours but then decreased to 14.7x103/µl at 30 hours PI while in goats it was 23.6x103/µl and then decreased to 15.3x103/µl. The mean PCV % age increased in animals of both infected groups but more in goats and reached to 52% in 30 hours.
During the third part of the present study, the animals were slaughtered and PME performed. The accumulative score for gross lesions were recorded and it was found between 14 to 24 in animals of group A with the highest score for congestion and edema of different organs whereas in goats it was between 12 to 22 with congestion and hemorrhages of intestine having highest scores. The samples were kept in formalin for histopathological examination and accumulative lesions score was noted in different organs. The highest mean score in sheep was recorded in kidneys and lungs and in goat intestine, lung and kidneys were the major organs affected.
A polymerase chain reaction was optimized under our own laboratory condition for the detection of alpha and epsilon toxins of Clostridium perfringens type D from different tissues. Alpha gene was amplified at annealing temperature 52.2oC with amplicon size 247bp and ETX gene at the annealing temperature.
50.2oC with amplicon size 665bp.
The erythrocytes of different species were used to know the sensitivity against culture supernatants of C. perfringens type D. It was observed maximum hemolysis occurred in human erythrocytes (68%) followed by mice (57%) at 37oC. It was also recorded that a significant increase was found at 37oC as compared to25oC except for dog and rabbits where no significant difference was observed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1596,T] (1).
18.
Pathology And Serum Biochemistry Of Layers Affected With Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome
by Ahmad Jawad Sabir | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fatty liver syndrome is a non-infectious disease of chickens, primarily cage layers, characterized by enlarged, fat-infiltrated livers, with or without subcapsular hemorrhages and excessive abdominal fat deposits. Excessive caloric intake is thought to be one causative factor, and the disease occurs frequently after molting when caloric intake is high. Cage layers move less, using less energy which may contribute to the problem. The present project was designedto study the serum biochemical and pathological changes in the laying hens affected with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome and possible dietary sources responsible for this syndrome.
For this purpose healthy and diseased birds from commercial poultry farms having problem of FLHS in their flocks were selected. Three types of samples i.e. blood, tissue and feed samples were collected. Serum samples were processed to quantify concentration of different plasma enzymes including ALT, AST, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and LDH levels by using standard protocols. Values obtained from both healthy and diseased birds were compared. While liver samples were collected from both diseased and healthy birdsfor study of gross and microscopic changes in their structure. Proximate analysis of feed samples which were collected from each farm having this problem was conducted to check the level of fats and carbohydrates. Data was statistically analyzed by applying student t-test.
The average concentration of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase were 10.78±2.01 (IU/L), 195.5±28.93 (IU/L), 69.2±5.14 (mg/dl), 217.52±23.63 (mg/dl), 205.14±19.6 (mg/dl) and 2466.06±336.2 (IU/L) respectively in diseased birds. The corresponding values in the healthy birds were 4.12±1.7 (IU/L), 81.16±6.83 (IU/L), 59.44±4.92 (mg/dl), 131.94±8.93 (mg/dl), 188.38±13 (mg/dl) and 1706.64±244.37 (IU/L) respectively. The activities of SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol and LDH were significantly higher in diseased than in healthy birds (p<0.05). Some birds in diseased group showed 2-3 times greater concentration of plasma enzymes as compared to healthy birds. For the definitive diagnosis of this problem histopathological studies were conducted on liver samples. Liver from healthy birds showed no changes while diseased birds showed both gross and microscopic changes. Feed samples were collected from respective farms and proximate analysis was conducted. Average fat and carbohydrate content recorded for feed samples was 6.44±1.43% and 57.75±3.79% respectively. While feed analysis of control poultry diets showed a significant difference having fat 03.21±0.89% and NFE was55.77±1.67%.
It was concluded from this study that selected parameters of serum biochemistry including SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lactate dehydrogenase could be useful in the diagnosis of FLHS. There is significant increase in concentration of these enzymes in blood of affected birds specially laying hens. Macroscopic and microscopic changes can also be observed but it will lead to delayed diagnosis of this syndrome. Furthermore balanced feed will be helpful in prevention of this problem while farmers and poultry practitioners can seek help through proximate analysis of feed samples that can help in prevention of this metabolic problem.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1609,T] (1).
19.
Prevalence, Identification And Pathogenesis Of Clostridium Chauvoei In Cattle And Buffaloes In Punjab
by Muhammad Asif Idress | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: In the first phase of the project, the sampling of diseased animals presumably affected by Black quarter was carried out from six districts of Punjab belonging to three different zones. Around two hundred and fifty samples from each zone were collected and were subjected to bacterial culturing and isolation procedures followed by biochemical identification mechanism. The prevalence of Black quarter in Cattle and buffaloes were thus calculated for each district and zone. Highest prevalence of BQ in Zone II was observed (27.2%) for cattle while in case of Buffaloes highest prevalence (3.2%) was noted in Zone I. similarly higher Prevalence of BQ was noted in 1st quarter of year for Zone I followed by zone II and III while 2nd quarter of season was showing higher prevalence of BQ in zone II and III.
During 2nd phase of experiment tissue samples were inoculated in RCM and blood agar for the re-isolation of C. chauvoei, identified on the basis of colony characteristics and later on subjected to biochemical tests for the confirmation of the isolated organism. Then it was further confirmed through Polymerase chain Reaction for the identification of the causative agent i.e. C. Chauvoei on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Another set of primers corresponding to alpha toxin gene sequence of C. chauvoeui was also used which strengthened the belief that this strain of C. chauvoei possessed alpha toxin producing ability.
During third phase of project blood samples collected were subjected to hematological estimation for buffaloes and cattle having confirmed as BQ This study revealed significant effect on RBC's count and white blood cells count (P<0.05), while Differential leukocyte count were also showing significant different as compared to Non-infected (P< 0.05). Serum samples were tested for the change in levels of different enzymes. It was found that blood-glucose level and ALT levels were not significantly higher (P>0.05) when compared with control values, Values of AST, CPK and LDH were found significantly higher (P< 0.05) in all infected animals.
Histopathology of affected muscle tissues of both cattle and buffaloes was done to study microscopic changes in the muscle fibers and surrounding tissues. Lesions were somehow disappointing as compared to the magnitude of gross lesions. There were segmental degeneration, Zenker necrosis, discrete edema, occasional neutrophils and emphysema in affected muscle.
Finally, alpha toxin (hemolysin) in culture supernatant of RCM broth was titrated against 2% washed RBC's of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, chicken, rabbit and mice to study the hemolytic activity of the toxin. It was found that highest percentage of hemolysis was observed in mice followed by cattle, sheep, buffalo, chicken and rabbit respectively at 25°C. Higher the dilution of toxin, lower the extent of hemolysis. At 37°C variable results were obtained. It showed the biological activity of alpha toxin is also temperature dependant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1664,T] (1).
20.
Immuno Pathological Effects Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) In Commercial Broiler Chickens
by Zahid Jawad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: These experiments were conducted to study the effects of Azadirachta indica admixed in poultry feed on weight gain performance, haemtological values,immune modulations, and toxic effects in broiler chickens. A total number of 144 commercial broiler 1-day old chicks were reared in the experimental sheds of the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, The birds were fed with balanced commercial feed and water ad libitum. The birds were divided into 3 groups; A, B and C having fourty eight chicks each. Birds of all groups were sub divided into four groups of each i.e. A1, A2, A3 and A4; B1, B2, B3 & B4 and C1, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Each of the sub groups containd 12 birds. Sub groups A4, B4 and C4 were control group with no medication. The birds of groups A, B and C were fed with poultry feed containing dry powder of neem leaves @ 2 gm, 4 gm and 6gm per kg of feed respectively. The birds of groups A1, B1 and C1 were treated with the herb from day 0 to 42 of their life. The birds of groups A2, B2 and C2 were given the neem from day 14 to 42 of their life, whereas the birds of groups A3, B3 and C3 were treated with the herb from day 28 to 42 of their life. Difference between weekly weight gain in the birds of groups A1, B1 and C1 was non significant (P>0.05) however the difference between weight gain in the treated and control groups was significant (P<0.05). The birds treated with the herb from day 0 of their life showed more weight gain. There was no difference in the haematological indices between all of the treated groups and the control groups. The neem treated birds showed increased antibody titers against ND and IBD viruses as compared to control groups. The values of ALP and ASTshowed decreasing trend when the level of neem leaf meal was increased in the ration. Serum creatinine and serum uric acid values posed a slight declining trend in the neem fed birds. There was a decrease in serum cholesterol level in the neem treated bird groups, the higher the concentreation of the herb, the lower the cholesterol value. The organ body weight indices showed that there was no significant difference in liver, spleen and thymus weights among treated groups as well between treated and control groups. There was absence of prominent gross pathological lesions in liver, spleen, kidneys and thymus, however some treated groups showed mild hypertrophied liver and kidneys as did the organs of the birds in control groups. No histopathological changes except a few mild changes were observed in liver, spleen, kidneys and thymus in the birds of experimental groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1774,T] (1).
21.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Newcastledisease Virus In Common Wild Bird Species
by Tahir Munir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr.Ishtiaq Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1892,T] (1).
22.
Study On Effect Of Nigella Sativa (Kalonji)Alone And In Combination With Allium Sativum (Garlic) On Histopathology of Tissues Induced by Newly Emerged Newcastle Disease Virus in Broilers
by Saira jabeen | DR. Muhammad Yasin tipu | Dr.Hassan Mushtaq | Ishtiaq ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1921,T] (1).
23.
Comparative Hemato-Biochemical Study On Theileriosis In Naturally Infested Punjab Urial (Ovis Orientalis Punjabiensis) And Domestic Sheep (Ovis Aries)
by Sammuel Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. M. Ijaz | Mr. Irfan Irshad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1981,T] (1).
24.
A Study On Immunomodulatory Effect Of Nigella Sativa And Allium Sativum Against Escherichia Coli Infection In Broiler Birds
by Fiza Ahmad | Dr Muhammad yasin tipu | Dr. Muti-ur- rehman khan | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2022,T] (1).
25.
Esponse Of Lymphatic Tissues To Dietary Supplementation Of Nigella Sativa And Curcuma Longa In Broilers Challenged With Pasteurella Multocida (strain A)
by Muhammad Akmal raheem | DR. Muhammad Yasin tipu | Dr. Muti ur rehman khan | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2050,T] (1).
26.
Pathological Studies On Contagious Edthyma In Naturally Infected Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Usman ghani | Dr. Mati ur rehman khan | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2070,T] (1).
27.
Comparisons Of Histopathological Effects Of Live Vector Immune Complax And Intermediate Plus Vaccines Of Infectiors Bursal Disease on the Bursa of Fabricius of Commercial Broiler
by Rana Waqas Arshad | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr, Muhammad Saeed Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2086,T] (1).
28.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Salmonella Infections In Common Wild Birds Species
by Mutahir Ali Mir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2148,T] (1).
29.
Toxicopathological Alterations And Tissue Residue Of Colistinsulphate (Polymixin E) In Broilers
by Muhammad Aslam (2012-VA-809) | Dr. Muhammad Raza Hameed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Syed Ehtisham ul Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the 2nd largest industry in Pakistan playing important role to meet daily protein requirement with an investment of more than 200 billion rupees. It is contributing 6.1% and 10.8% share in total contribution of agriculture and livestock the national GDP, respectively. Total poultry meat production in the last year was 987 thousand tones (Economic survey of Pakistan 2013-2014). Because of high density and lack of biosecurity measures, outbreaks of infectious disease are more common and often occurs. Different antibiotics are used rational and irrational to treat and control these outbreaks. Colistin is among the most widely used antibiotic in intensive poultry farming, it is used to combat gram negative bacterial infections particularly for collibacillosis and gastrointestinal tract infections (Hussain and Khalil 2013).
Colistin belongs to the polymixins group of antibiotics. It is also known as Polymixin E. Polymixins are structurally related substances consisting of a cyclic peptide with a hydrophobic tail, mainly produced from gram positive nitrogen fixing bacteria Bacillus polymyxa. Polymixins are classified into six subtypes namely polymixin A to F and among these polymixin B and E are commonly used for the treatment of gram negative infections in animal and human beings. Colistin is mixture of two subtype’s colistin A (polymixin E1) and colistin B (polymixin E2). Commercially, it is available in two forms colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium but colistin sulfate is more stable cationic water soluble salt (Landman et al. 2000) and is easily available in markets.
colistin sulphate has lipophilic and lipophobic(hydrophilic) properties, that makes it easier to interact on bacterial cell membrane by displacing counter ions in lipopolysaccharides, influencing Mg efflux that’s why it is effective against gram negative bacteria (Poole and Sheffield 2013). Polymixins also presents antipyretic activity by binding endotoxins, especially lipid A, (the active compound of lipopolysaccharide). Owing to this property it is extensively used to treat gram negative infections in livestock and poultry industries (Hanasawa et al. 1990).
The use of colistin was restricted in the past due to its toxic properties mainly in nephrotoxicity. There are reports available in the literature indicating that the parental use of colistin leads to the alterations of biochemical parameters in chicken i.e. increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, catalase activity, creatinine while, adversely affect total plasma proteins (Ibrahin et al. 2011). In ostriches it leads to the development of neurotoxic signs along with histologically odema formation in pericardium, intestinal serosa and heart was observed (Landman et al. 2000).
Toxic effects of colistin were also reported in humans including nephrotoxicity, increased serum creatinine during the treatment (Falagas et al. 2005). As bioavailability for oral route is minimal and it is used parentally to treat systemic infections. Parenteral route may cause toxopathological effects in birds. Other effects includes change in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase which indicate liver damage. Red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume and hemoglobin estimation were also decreased (Saleemi et al. 2013). The incidence of nephrotoxicity is severe but less common in oral administration as polymixins absorption through gastrointestinal tract is very slow and limited, and cannot be detected in plasma concentrations at ordinary doses (Falagas and Kasiakou 2006). Instead of all these toxic effects, now a days it is frequently used for the treatment against gram negative bacterial infections (Vaara 2010).
The emergence of bacterial resistance has become an important public health hazard throughout the world). Due to irrational use of antimicrobial drugs against different diseases (Naqvi et al.2013. Colistin is one of the most widely used antibiotic in poultry industry against diseases like collibacillosis, salmonellosis and clostridial infections through drinking water, feed additives and parenteral route in developing countries like Pakistan (Tanweer et al.2013). Parenteral use of colistin sulphate may leads to the deposition of residues in different tissues. The presence of its residues in edible parts may lead to the toxicity as well as development of antibacterial resistance in human.
Keeping in view the potential toxic effects and other hazards relating to the extensive use of colistin in poultry birds, present study has been designed to investigate dose dependent patho-morphological alterations and tissue residue in broiler chickens.
Objective
1. To study the toxicopathological effects of parenteral administration of colistin in broilers.
2.Investigation of the tissue deposition of colistin as residues and its withdrawal period.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2221-T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Nigella Sativa On Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Arif Ullah Khan (2013-VA-561) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Agriculture Industry of Pakistan poultry sector plays a vigorous, animated and a well
known role. There are more than 1.5 million peoples whose financial gain and employments are
related directly or indirectly to this sector which provides livelihood to about 60 % rural
inhabitants. Meat and eggs are the products of poultry industry. In Gross Domestic Products its
constant cost factor is 1.2%, in livestock is 10.4% and in agriculture it contributes 5.76%.In the
total meat production quantity of the country, poultry meat contribution is 26.8 % (Anonymous
2013).
The member of family Paramyxoviridae, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) contains six genes,
single stranded RNA genome without segment and have different strains arranged as virulent
which is velogenic, intermediate virulent mesogenic and less virulent lentogenic. The Newcastle
disease or pseudo-fowl pest is complete destructive having high death ratio in poultry. The NDV
attacks on respiratory system causes distress, produce nervous disorders, disturb gastrointestinal
tract and causes hemorrhagic lesions in intestine, downward change in level of egg production
and high mortality (Alexander 2000).
In embryonated eggs the cells attached with allantoic cavity help to grow and develop the
NDV virus which is inoculated for the purpose of propagation. In approximately 24 hours post
inoculation the virus reach higher concentration. First of all the virus destroys the live cells in
which it is growing and then it is widely spread by the allantoic fluid. If the inoculated strains of
virus are virulent i:e velogenic, embryos die within two days post inoculation mostly. The
embryos which are dead or alive show histopathological and gross changes remarkably caused
by the inoculated NDV (Al-Garib et al. 2003).
Introduction
2
To evaluate the value or determine the pathogenicity of the virus or to propagate Newcastle
disease virus the embryos of chicken have been usually used. The NDV strains which are
virulent means velogenic, kill the embryo within 48 hours, and lentogenic or less
virulent(mesogenic) take 5 to 7 days to kill either the embryos or may not kill at all (Lam et al.
1995).
It always had an inherited pattern of thoughts to advance the progress in the process of
healing by using herbal plants in all the civilizations. All over the world, to provide treatment for
diseases in daily life medicinal herbal plants and seeds have been used since hundreds of year
ago and in ahead of times. Plants play important role and serves as a base in the development of
drugs (Ates and Turgay 2003).
For the promotion and well being of health of both animals and humans, since thousands of
year ago black cumin seeds which is commonly known as black seed are used. It is stated by
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) that black seeds are treatment for every disease except the final
state the death. Its scientific name is Nigella sativa and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.
The black seeds contain the main active and wider in scope ingredient named as crystalline
nigellone. The composition of other ingredients which are present in these seeds are proteins,
vitamins B1, B2, B3, oleic acid, myristic acid, linolic acid, folic acid, thymoquinone, palmitic
acid, beta sitosterol and stearic acid. In black seed the main elements are phosphorous, iron, zinc,
calcium, and copper. Anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, immunestimulator,
anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine are the main effects of black cumin seeds
(AitMbarek et al. 2007).
Black cumin seeds are a hypothetical remedy for all ills, diseases and disorders, but not to
stop growing old and death from happening. In Bible it is identified as black cumin and tending
Introduction
3
to restore health (Worthen et al. 1997).
The antiviral drugs are not usually used in poultry industry due to economic problems
and may cause toxicity, but some drugs shows effect against virus which effect poultry. The
antiviral drug Ribavirin was used to compare its effect with a herbal plant to see which one is
effective. Higher doses produce toxicity and also were the cause of death. The 20μl/ml dose
showed the significant effect and the embryoes remain live after experimentally infected with
Newcastle disease virus (Omer et al. 2014). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2255-T] (1).
31.
Effect of Curcuma Longa on Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Avian Influenza Virus
by Syed Iftikhar Ali Shah (2013-VA-436) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Error Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2264-T] (1).
32.
Study On Pathogenesis Of Mixed Infection Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Ibv) And Avian Influenza Virus (H9n2) In Experimentally Infected Broiler Chicken
by Arsala Khan (2013-VA-605) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian influenza and infectious bronchitis are the most devastating contagious and viral diseases, affected poultry in Pakistan and many other Asian countries. Regarding the virulence, Avian influenza may be low, or high pathogenic. Mainly due to its pandemic potential and contagious nature, the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) is of major concern in poultry industry especially in Pakistan. Co-infection of poultry with more than one bacterial and /or viral agent is common in field especially in our country due to inadequate biosecurity measures which causes high mortality and confusing the diagnosis of these viruses. Hence the present project was designed to study the pathogenesis of mix infection of IBV and H9N2 through gross, histopathological lesions and antibody titer in experimentally infected broiler chicken. For this purpose a total of 80 specific pathogen free chicks were procured, randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D; and raised under uniform managmental condition in experimental sheds of UVAS Lahore. Group A and B were intarnasally challenged with 0.2 ml infectious bronchitis virus (EID50 = 104.5 per 0.1 ml) at 23rd day of age, likewise group B and C were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9N2 (EID50 = 106 per ml) at 26th day of age while, group D served as a negative control group. After infection the clinical signs, feed consumed and body weight gain were regularly monitored, the serum samples taken on days 23rd, 26th, 29th, 35th, and 40th day of age were tested for HI antibody titer simultaneously, the necropsy of birds (n=3) sacrificed were conducted to observe the gross lesions, tissue samples including lungs, liver, kidneys and trachea were collected for histopathological evaluation. In IBV infected group, respiratory distress i.e., tracheal rales, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, gasping and reduced feed intake were observed during early stages, later up to 10 days post infection watery diarrhea with ruffled feathers were observed. In mix infected group clinical signs manifested rapidly and were persistent with
Summary
59
high severity. Gross lesions in mixed infection were more profound, including; severely congested and hyperemic lungs, tracheitis with catarrhal exudates in lumen; pale, swollen and enlarged kidneys with urates deposition in tubules. Six birds died in mix infected group, revealed caseous exudate in trachea extended up to lower bronchi while, in IBV infected group lesions were mild and confined to trachea, lungs and kidneys. Mortality was high in mix infected group (30%) followed by IBV infected group in which two birds died. While, in H9N2 infected and control group none of the bird died. Histopathological lesions in mix infected group were aggravated markedly tracheal epithelium degeneration and sloughing; congestion, interstitial nephritis, leukocytes infiltration, tubular degeneration and necrosis were observed while, in lungs pneumonia of peribronchiolar area and interstitium with lymphocyte and macrophages infiltration, additionally degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes with focal necrotic areas in liver were also noted. In IBV and H9N2 infected group microscopic lesions were of mild degree. GMTs against both IBV and H9N2 in mix infected group were significantly different at P>0.05 than individually infected birds. Among the groups, statistically significant increase in FCR of birds in mix infected group was observed. On the basis of these findings it might be conclude that mix infection of IBV and H9N2 causes severe disease as compared to single infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2296-T] (1).
33.
Effect of Fish Oil on Response of Lymphoid Organs of Broiler Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Zahid (2013-VA-441) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2353-T] (1).
34.
Pathological Investigations Of Liver Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes In Lahore District
by Hassan Masood (2012-VA-993) | Dr. Muhammad Saeed Imran | Dr. Irfan Irshad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock in Pakistan is an integral part for all systems of farming and is considered as cash income on daily basis for small holders. From economy point of view, buffalo has much importance and used for draught, meat and milk purposes. Out of the total animal’s population, up to 47 percent dairy population comprises on Buffaloes. Globally minute study has been documented on pathological investigations of liver in Buffaloes and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
The present study was designed to investigate histopathological liver lesions in Buffaloes at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house located in District Lahore. A total of 100 diseased liver samples of Buffaloes were brought to the department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore. These samples were examined for gross pathological lesions such as presence of abscess, hemorrhages and Hydatid cysts along with thickness, color and texture. For histopathological studies we persevered these samples in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin method.
The results of our study revealed percentages of different diseased conditions in the Liver tissues of slaughtered buffaloes. The percentage of Hydatidosis was found high among all the conditions and reported as 28 percent. The conditions of the Amphistomiasis were reported as 22 percent. While Cirrhosis disease was prevalent in the buffaloes at the rate of 18 percent. The percentage after the cirrhosis was found for the condition of Granulomatous hepatitis which was
Summary
37
16 percent. The percentages of Abscess, Fascioliasis and Haemorrhages were found as 7, 6 and 3 percent respectively.
In conclusion, theses above mentioned pathological conditions reported in our study served as major cause of liver condemnation at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house of Lahore District, which may also contributed the economic losses. To mitigate the economic and public health impacts proper deworming plan along with good animal husbandry practices would probably be effective in decreasing incidence of these Liver diseases. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2435-T] (1).
35.
Etiopathology Of Tuberculosis Complex In Antelopes And Its Cytokine Profile
by Maryam Saddiqa (2009-VA-366) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious zoonotic effects in humans. The economic importance and public health concern of bovine tuberculosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Tuberculosis in antelopes is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium avium. This disease in antelopes causes tremendous economic losses. Unfortunately in Pakistan no such study has been conducted on wildlife tuberculosis except one (Zeeshan 2007) his work was on the identification of one specie i.e. M.bovis in deer while this study was on the identification of three different types of species (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium). A total of 50 blood samples from tuberculosis suspected antelopes were collected. These samples were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) and cytokine ELISA to determine the etiopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
The results indicated that 10% and 4% of antelopes were positive for M.bovis, M.tuberculosis infection with multiplex PCR and cytokine ELISA respectively. From these results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cytokine ELISA for the diagnosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it shows much higher percentage of positive cases.
This study provided valuable information about the presence of M.bovis, M.tuberculosis and M.avium in different types of antelopes (Urial, Mouflon sheep, Black buck, Goral and Hog deer). The cytokine profile could be used as a diagnostic marker in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2549-T] (1).
36.
Clinico-Pathological And Pathomorphological Studies On Co-Infection Of Avian Influenza (H9n2) With Escherichia Coli In Broiler Chicken
by Shahid Jaleel (2003-VA-93) | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Arshad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: E.coli is an important pathogen of domestic poultry and is prevalent in commercial poultry. LPAIV H9N2 infections are emerging respiratory problems in poultry industry, causing huge economic losses especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens such as E.coli. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. The aim of the present study was to investigate the infection of LPAIV A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) in chickens challenged with E.coli (O78:K80).
This study had three objectives. First, it is designed to develop co-infection experimental models LPAIV (H9N2) + bacteria (E.coli) in the avian model. Second, it aims to study the hematological and biochemical alterations during co-infection in avian model. Finally to study the pathological and histological alterations during co-infection in avian model, this study will help researchers and veterinarians in implementation of necessary control measures. E.coli stockculture was prepared by inoculating MacConkey’s agar with a loop full of reference E.coli strain culture and incubating at 37°C for 24 h. The estimated colony count was confirmed by plating 0.1 ml of a 104 and a 105 dilution of the final culture onto separate MacConkey’s agar plates. Avian influenza A virus, A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) was obtained from Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi Pakistan.
Viral stocks were prepared and titrated in 9-day-old to 10-day-old chicken embryonated eggs the median embryo infectious dose (EID50) was computed using previously reported approaches The viral stocks were diluted in medium containing antimicrobials to give a final titre of 106 EID50/ ml The study were ran on 80 broiler chicks (3week old), procured from local hatchery. All fowl were held serologically innocent and free from flu virus by haemagglutination inhibition (HI).
Chicken were infected under experimental conditions with E.coli (O78:K80) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain (A/chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/08) (H9N2) alone or in combination. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control, E.coli, AI, and E.coli plus AI. Infected birds showed clinical signs of differing severity, with the most prominent disease signs appearing in birds of the E.coli plus AI group. Moreover, birds in E.coli plus AI group showed significant decrease in weight, enhanced macroscopic and microscopic pathological lesions. Specifically, the survival rate was 60%, 90%, and 100% in birds inoculated with E.coli + AI, E.coli and control negative or AI virus alone, respectively. Hematological studies revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia especially in co-infected birds. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total protein, glucose and albumin concentration with significant increase of activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Prominent increase in creatinine, urea and uric acid were significantly detected in the infected chicken. The results showed that experimental co-infection of E.coli and H9N2 increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate and gross lesions and suggest than E.coli infection can induce higher economic losses and mortality if H9N2 LPAIV is also present. The HI titer against LPAIV infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titer of AI group, which may indicate that E.coli could promote the propagation of H9N2 LPAIV or stimulate the immune response. The present study revealed that co-infection E.coli and H9N2 LPAIV caused more serious synergistic pathogenic effects and indicates the role of both pathogens as complicating factors in poultry infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2552-T] (1).
37.
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Hing (Ferula Foetida) Along With Infectious Bursal Disease (Ibd) Vaccine In Broiler
by Muhammad Javed Raza | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry feeds. However, the use of antibiotics has been restricted due to the drug resistance
and the issue of residues in meat. Now a day, the use of medicinal plants is being popular as
an alternate remedy. Asafoetida is a natural feed additive and antimicrobial, immune
stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anti-cancerous,
and vasodilator activities. It is being used for the control of some viral problems. Some
previous studies also indicated that it has beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore,
the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of F. foetida with
IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system and ultimately increase the production of
poultry products.
A total of n=90 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept under the optimum
conditions at CVAS Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C
were further divided into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated
as positive control group and was administered with commercially available IBD and ND
vaccine and routine diet while group B was administered with asafoetida at the rate of 2%,
4%, and 6% along with vaccine to see the impact of different levels of asafoetida on the
immune system and to see the effects (if any) of various doses of asafoetida. Group C was
only administered with asafoetida in feed at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study
birds were slaughtered to observe the effects of asafoetida administration.
Positive effect of asafoetida has been reported by many studies. F. foetida is a
medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. So, it was hypothesized that the present
Summary
39
study was helpful to determine the immunomodulatory effect of asafoetida for commercially
available IBD vaccine and could reduce the cost of vaccination for commercial poultry
farmers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2562-T] (1).
38.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Feeding Allium Sativum Against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccinated Broiler Birds On IBD Vaccine.
by Uzma Riaz (2008-VA-286) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry diets for the purpose of weight gain to improve feed efficiency and growth rate.
However, use of antibiotics has restricted due to the bacterial resistance and the issue of
residues which make the chicken meat harmful for human consumption. So the medicinal
plants are gaining interest as alternative feed strategies now a day because of their low cost,
easy availability and presence of no residues. Garlic was used for the medicinal purposes and
as a health supplement by the ancient Egyptians. It is a natural feed additive and is
antimicrobial, immune stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic,
antioxidant, anti-cancerous, and vasodilator activities. Previous studies indicate that it has
beneficial effects on the immune system and is a best immune stimulator then the other
herbal plants and medicines.
Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effect
of garlic to commercially available IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system. Total
N=99 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept in the experimental shed of CVAS
Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C were further divided
into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated as control group and
was administered with commercially available IBD and ND vaccine and routine diet while
group B was administered with garlic at the rate of 4%, 5%, and 7% along with vaccine to see
the impact of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) on the immune system and to see the
toxic effect (if any) of high dose of garlic. Group C was only administered with garlic in fee
Summary
44
at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study birds were slaughtered to check the effects
of garlic administration. Positive effect of garlic has been reported by many studies. Garlic is
a medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Results of the study indicate that
administration of garlic powder in different doses alone and combined with commercial IBD
vaccine have good effects on the growth, blood parameters and the immune system of the
broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2561-T] (1).
39.
Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves Against Colibacillosis In Broiler
by Muhammad Azfar (2014-VA-1111) | Dr. Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan the poultry sector has developed rapidly in the last two decades. The poultry production as practiced today is specialized one and concentrating more on the use of high performance birds. The major factors for successful poultry production are high genetic potential, balanced nutrition and health maintenance (Nayaka et al. 2012). Utilization of immunostimulant is one solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Immunostimulation comprises a prophylactic and therapeutic concept aimed at stimulation of the non-specific and specific immune response (Hyde and Patnode, 2001).
Most of the commercial poultry growers use antibiotics as growth promoters and to reduce the chance of occurrence of infectious diseases, which usually result in higher costs of production and ultimately lower net returns. There are great concerns about the use of antibiotics as therapeutic immunomodulators and growth promoters as it has given rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this modern world of science, the researchers are once again intending towards exploring the potential benefits of the conventional medicines. Neem (A. indica) is an herbal plant which is known to exhibit various beneficial pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory effect in broilers.
Poultry sector is facing some problems one of which is bacterial disease which cause economic loss. Farmers use different antibiotics as growth promoter and to reduce the incidence of different diseases on poultry which increases cost of production and lowers the net returns. In addition, use of antibiotics giving rise to other problems like increasing drug resistant against these antibiotics especially Gram –ve bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli). It’s necessary that antibiotic residues in meat would not adversely affect human health. Specifically, it has been recommended that the penicillins, tetracyclines, tylosin, and
Summary
54
sulfonamides as growth promoters should not be use any more. So scientists are giving attention to the use of indigenous medicine instead of antibiotics for better rearing of poultry. Pakistan is blessed with different medicinal plants one of which is Neem (Azadirachta indica). For thousands of years the medicinal properties of Neem have been recognized. Each part of the Neem tree has some medicinal property. Biological Activity of Neem is due presence of different chemicals like nimbolide, nimbin, nimbindin, quercetin among others. Biological activities include Anti-inflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antipyretic; Hypoglycemic; Antigastric ulcer; Spermicidal; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Diuretic; Antimalarial; Antitumour; Immunomodulatory A. indica grow fast and is evergreen tree which has medicinal and nutritive value for broilers. Broilers which are given Neem leaves extract in water have shown improved FCR and weight gain. This medicinal Plants compete with synthetic drugs as it strengthens the immune system by activate Cell mediated immunity and have no residues in meat. Neem extracts also improve performance and hematological parameters
However, I did the research work in short-term basis (only 42 days) and modern equipments were also not available. Therefore, an extensive research and development work should be undertaken on Neem and its products to make the findings more accurate and effective for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2613-T] (1).
